Abstract Objective: Familial Adenomatous Polyposis is a complex hereditary disease that exposes the carrier to a great risk of Colorectal Cancer (CRC). After prophylactic surgery, intra-abdominal desmoid tumors are known to be one the most important cause of death. Therefore, recognition of increased-risk patients and modification of operative strategy may be crucial. Aim: The objective of this study was to estimate the desmoid tumor risk in relation to various surgical and clinical variables. Methods: Patients who had undergone polyposis since 1958 were included in the study. After exclusion criteria were met, those who had developed desmoid tumors were selected to undergo further evaluation. Results: The study revealed that the risk of developing desmoid tumors was associated with various factors such as sex ratio, colectomy, and reoperations. On the other hand, the type of surgery, family history, and surgical approach did not affect the risk of developing desmoid tumors. The data collected from 146 polyposis patients revealed that 16% had desmoid polyps. The sex ratio was 7:1, and the median age at colectomy was 28.6 years. Family history, multiple abdominal operations, and reoperations were some of the characteristics that were common in desmoid patients. Conclusion: Recognition of clinical (female sex) and surgical (timing of surgery and previous reoperations) data as unfavorable variables associated with greater risk may be useful during the decision-making process.

Developing biomaterials for tissue regeneration is a promising alternative for the recovery of various tissues, including bone. Atorvastatin (ATV) has a series of beneficial effects which includes bone anabolism, vasodilating, and anti-inflammatory actions. The main objective of this work was to produce and characterize polycaprolactone (PCL) matrices incorporated with ATV. Samples were prepared by the solvent casting technique. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and in vitro release studies were performed. FTIR analysis showed that no chemical bonds were formed between PCL and ATV. SEM analysis showed that the amount of ATV affects sample morphology. According to XRD and thermal analysis, the main ATV characteristics were maintained. The studies showed that PCL/ATV samples release the drug in a prolonged way since its release reaches around 50% after 15000 minutes of analysis and the model that showed the best fit for the studied matrices was the Higuchi model, with a correlation coefficient above 0.95.

Abstract Education is a tool that transforms social relations. Thus, understanding how knowledge is constructed in the intersection that is made with discussions on Human Rights Education and gender allows us to have a more civil society that respects the differences between individuals. About this, the general objective of this study comes from the analysis the production of knowledge that intersects Human Rights Education and gender in Brazilian Graduate Programs. As a specific objective we map the productions about gender issues intersected with Human Rights education in Postgraduate Programs in Brazil and reflect on the gender category in the production of knowledge in the area of Human Rights education. For this we will use the collection of the Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations, understanding the time lapse that comprises the years 2015 to 2020, a period where there was a more conservative discourse about these issues. Furthermore, the research seeks to understand in which Programs and lines of research this intersection is more evident. The methodology used is based on the dialectical method, with a qualitative approach, being the type of bibliographic exploratory and descriptive research with documental data collection, and data analysis, that of content.

Resumen La educación es una herramienta que transforma las relaciones sociales. Así, entender cómo se construye el conocimiento en la intersección que se hace con las discusiones sobre Educación en Derechos Humanos y género nos permite tener una sociedad más cívica y respetuosa de las diferencias entre los sujetos. Sobre esto, el objetivo general de este estudio parte del análisis de la producción de conocimiento que cruza la Educación en Derechos Humanos y el género en los Programas de Postgrado brasileños. Como objetivo específico, mapeamos las producciones sobre cuestiones de género cruzadas con la educación en derechos humanos en los programas de postgrado en Brasil y reflexionamos sobre la categoría de género en la producción de conocimiento en el área de la educación en derechos humanos. Para ello utilizaremos la colección de la Biblioteca Digital Brasileña de Tesis y Disertaciones, comprender el lapso de tiempo que comprende los años 2015 a 2020, período en el que hubo un discurso más conservador sobre estos temas. Además, la investigación busca percibir en qué Programas y líneas de investigación se presenta esta intersección de manera más contundente. La metodología utilizada parte del método dialéctico, con un enfoque cualitativo, siendo el tipo de investigación exploratoria bibliográfica y descriptiva con recogida de datos documentales, y el análisis de datos, el de contenido

Resumo A educação é ferramenta que transforma as relações sociais. Assim, compreender como se dá a construção do conhecimento na intersecção que se perfaz com as discussões sobre Educação em Direitos Humanos e gênero faz com que tenhamos uma sociedade mais cidadã e que respeite as diferenças entre os sujeitos. Acerca disso, o objetivo geral deste estudo parte da análise da produção do conhecimento que intersecciona a Educação em Direitos Humanos e gênero nos Programas de Pós-Graduação brasileiros. Como objetivos específicos, visamos mapear as produções sobre as questões de gênero interseccionadas com a Educação em Direitos Humanos nos Programas de Pós-Graduação no Brasil; e refletir sobre a categoria gênero na produção de conhecimento na área da Educação em Direitos Humanos. Para isso, nos utilizaremos do acervo da Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações, compreendendo o lapso temporal relacionado aos períodos de 2015 a 2020, momento em que houve a ascensão do discurso conservador acerca dessas temáticas. Além disso, a pesquisa busca perceber em quais Programas e linhas de pesquisa tal intersecção se apresenta de maneira mais contundente. A metodologia utilizada parte do método dialético, com abordagem qualitativa, sendo o tipo de pesquisa de cunho bibliográfico, exploratório e descritivo, com coleta de dados documentais e análise de conteúdo.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the tissue content of neutral and acidic mucins, sulfomucins and sialomucins in colonic glands devoid of intestinal transit after enemas containing sucralfate and n-acetylcysteine alone or in combination. Methods: Sixty-four rats underwent intestinal transit bypass. A colonic segment was collected to compose the white group (without intervention). After derivation, the animals were divided into two groups according to whether enemas were performed daily for two or four weeks. Each group was subdivided into four subgroups according to the substance used: control group: saline 0.9%; sucralfate group (SCF): SCF 2 g/kg/day; n-acetylcysteine group (NAC): NAC 100 mg/kg/day; and SCF+NAC group: SCF 2 g/kg/day + NAC 100 mg/kg/day.Neutral and acidic mucins were stained by periodic acid-Schiff and alcian-blue techniques, respectively. The distinction between sulfomucins and sialomucin was made by the high alcian-blue iron diamine technique. The content of mucins in the colonic glands was measured by computerized morphometry. The inflammatory score was assessed using a validated scale. The results between the groups were compared by the Mann-Whitney’s test, while the variation according to time by the Kruskal-Wallis’ test (Dunn’s post-test). A significance level of 5% was adopted. Results: There was reduction in the inflammatory score regardless of the application of isolated or associated substances. Intervention with SCF+NAC increased the content of all mucin subtypes regardless of intervention time. Conclusions: The application of SCF+NAC reduced the inflammatory process of the colonic mucosa and increased the content of different types of mucins in the colonic glands of segments excluded from fecal transit.

RESUMO - RACIONAL: O estresse oxidativo é um dos principais mecanismos associados à ruptura dos mecanismos de defesa que formam a barreira epitelial cólica e reduz o conteúdo tecidual das proteínas claudina-3 e ocludina principais constituintes das junções de oclusão intercelulares. O sucralfato, possui atividade antioxidante e tem sido usado para tratar diferentes formas de colite. OBJETIVO: Mensurar o conteúdo tecidual de claudina-3 e ocludina da mucosa do cólon sem trânsito fecal, submetido à intervenção com sucralfato. MÉTODO: Trinta e seis ratos foram submetidos à colostomia do cólon esquerdo e fístula mucosa distal. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a eutanásia ser realizada duas ou quatro semanas após a intervenção. Cada grupo foi dividido em três subgrupos de acordo com o tipo de intervenção realizada diariamente: solução salina isolada; sucralfato a 1 g/kg/dia ou sucralfato a 2g/kg/dia. A colite foi diagnosticada por análise histológica adotando escala de validação prévia. A expressão tecidual de ambas as proteínas foi identificada por imunoistoquímica. O conteúdo das proteínas foi quantificado por análise de imagem assistida por computador. RESULTADOS: O escore inflamatório foi maior nos segmentos cólicos sem trânsito fecal e os enemas com sucralfato reduziram o escore inflamatório nesses segmentos, principalmente nos animais submetidos à intervenção com sucralfato em maior concentração e por período mais longo de intervenção. Houve aumento no conteúdo tecidual das proteínas claudina-3 e ocludina, relacionado com a concentração de sucralfato. O conteúdo tecidual de ambas as proteínas não se modificou com a duração da intervenção. CONCLUSÃO: Enemas com sucralfato reduzem a inflamação e aumentam o conteúdo tecidual de claudina-3 e ocludina na mucosa cólica sem trânsito intestinal.

ABSTRACT - BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress is one of the main mechanisms associated with the rupture of the defense mechanisms of the colonic epithelial barrier; it reduces the tissue content of the claudin-3 and occludin proteins, which are the main constituents of intercellular tight junctions. Sucralfate (SCF) has antioxidant activity and has been used to treat different forms of colitis. AIM: This study aimed to measure the tissue claudin-3 and occludin content of the colon mucosa without fecal transit, subjected to intervention with SCF. METHODS: Thirty-six rats were subjected to left colon colostomy and distal mucous fistula. They were divided into two groups according to euthanasia that was performed 2 or 4 weeks after the intervention. Each group was divided into three subgroups according to the enema applied daily: saline alone, SCF at 1 g/kg/day, or SCF at 2 g/kg/day. Colitis was diagnosed by the histological analysis adopting the previous validate scale. The tissue expression of both proteins was identified by immunohistochemical technique. The content of proteins was quantified by computer-assisted image analysis. RESULTS: The inflammatory score was high in colonic segments without fecal transit, and enemas with SCF reduced the inflammatory score in these segments, mainly in those animals submitted to intervention with SCF in greater concentration and for a longer period of intervention. There was an increase in tissue content of claudin-3 and occludin, related to SCF concentration. The tissue content of both proteins was not related to the intervention time. CONCLUSION: Enemas with SCF reduced the inflammation and increased the tissue content of claudin-3 and occludin in colonic mucosa without fecal stream.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the effects of sucralfate enemas in tissue contents of E-cadherin and ?-catenin in an experimental diversion colitis. Methods: Thirty-six male Wistar rats were submitted to a proximal colostomy and a distal mucous fistula. They were allocated into three groups: first group received daily saline enemas (2 mL/day) and the two other groups daily enemas with sucralfate at dosage of 1 or 2 g/kg/day, respectively. Six animals of each group were euthanized after two weeks and six animals after four weeks. The inflammation of the excluded mucosa was evaluated by histological analysis. The oxidative damage was quantified by measurement of malondialdehyde tissue levels. The expression of E-cadherin and ?-catenin was identified by immunohistochemistry, and its contents were quantified by computer-assisted image analysis. Results: Sucralfate enemas reduced inflammation in animals subjected to treatment with 2 g/kg/day by four weeks, and the levels of oxidative damage in mucosa without fecal stream irrespective of concentration and time of intervention. E-cadherin and ?-catenin content increased in segments without fecal stream in those animals subjected to treatment with sucralfate. Conclusions: Sucralfate reduces the inflammation and oxidative stress and increases the tissue content of E-cadherin and ?-catenin in colonic mucosa devoid to the fecal stream.

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the effects of infliximab on the inflammation of the colonic mucosa devoid from fecal stream. Methods: Twenty-four rats were submitted to a Hartmann's procedure. They remained for 12 weeks with the fecal derivation to development of diversion colitis on excluded colorectal stump. After this period, they were divided into 3 groups: one group received intervention with saline (2.0 mL / week), other group infliximab at doses of 5 mg/kg/week and the other 10 mg/kg/week for five consecutively weeks. Concluded the intervention period, the animals were euthanized to remove colon segments with and without fecal stream. Colitis was diagnosed by histological analysis and the degree of inflammation by validated score. The neutrophilic infiltrate was evaluated by tissue expression of myeloperoxidase identified by immunohistochemical. The tissue content of myeloperoxidase was measured by computer-assisted image analysis. Results: The inflammatory score was high in colonic segments without fecal stream. The intervention with infliximab reduced the inflammatory score in excluded colonic segments. The content of myeloperoxidase was reduced in colonic segments of animals treated with infliximab mainly in high concentrations. Conclusion: Intervention with infliximab reduced the inflammation and the neutrophil infiltrate in colonic segments devoid of the fecal stream.

Polymers such as the biocompatible polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and the polysaccharide chitosan (Chi), a pH-sensitive polymer, have been studied for drug delivery applications and scaffolds production. In this work, matrices of PHB and Chi were produced by compression molding (SPHB-Chi) and loaded with a broad-spectrum biocide chlorhexidine (CHX) (SPHB-Chi-CHX). The matrices were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The SPHB-Chi capacity to absorb and deliver CHX was evaluated by UV-Vis. The antibacterial activity of the samples against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and E. coli (most common pathogens that cause infection in several body sites) was evaluated using the disk-agar diffusion method. The CHX release results were fitted by the Power Law model. The results suggested that the morphology and the CHX delivery profile were directly related to the Chi amount in the samples and also showed that the SPHB-Chi-CHX is able to inhibit the microorganism proliferation, constituting it as a potential candidate for oral applications.

RESUMO Os processos de adsorção podem ser empregados no tratamento de efluentes líquidos contendo metais pesados visando a reduzir os danos ambientais. Porém, o alto custo dos materiais adsorventes justifica a aplicação de adsorventes alternativos, como a fibra de coco (FC) e a quitosana (Q). Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver compósitos porosos adsorventes a partir da mistura de polietileno graftizado com anidrido maleico/FC/Q/NaCl, como agente porogênico (PE-g-MA/FC/Q/NaCl), e avaliar estatisticamente a capacidade de adsorção do cromo (III) em solução, com auxílio do software Statistica 5.0®. Os resultados mostraram que a eficiência do processo sofreu influência das dimensões da FC, do teor de Q e do pH da solução contendo Cr (III). A capacidade máxima de remoção de Cr (III) por unidade de massa do compósito foi de 42,28 mg.g-1.

ABSTRACT Adsorption processes can be employed in the treatment of wastewater containing heavy metals to reduce environmental damage. However, the high cost of adsorbent materials justifies the application of alternative adsorbents, such as coconut fiber (CF) and chitosan (C). Thus, this study aimed to develop porous composite adsorbents from the mixture of grafted maleic anhydride polyethylene/CF/C/NaCl, as porogen agent (PE-g-MA/CF/C/NaCl), and evaluate statistically adsorption capacity of chromium (III) solution, with the aid of software Statistica 5.0®. The results showed that the process efficiency was influenced by the size of the CF, the content of C and the pH of the solution containing Cr (III). The maximum removal capacity of Cr (III) per unit mass of the composite was 42.28 mg.g-1.

Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos anti-inflamatórios e antioxidantes do SCF em modelo de colite de exclusão. Método: Trinta e seis ratos, foram submetidos a derivação intestinal por colostomia terminal no cólon descendente e fistula mucosa distal. Os animais foram divididos em 3 grupos experimentais segundo receberem clisteres diários com SF 0,9%, SCF 1 g/kg/dia ou SCF 2 g/kg/dia. Cada grupo foi dividido em dois subgrupos segundo a eutanásia ser realizada após 2 ou 4 semanas da derivação. O grau de inflamação tecidual foi avaliado por estudo histológico e a infiltração neutrofílica pela expressão tecidual de mieloperoxidase (MPO) identificada por imunoistoquímica e quantificada por morfometria computadorizada. O estresse oxidativo foi mensurado pelo conteúdo de malondialdeído (MDA). Para análise dos resultados utilizou-se os teste t de Student, e ANOVA, estabelecendo-se para todos os testes nível de significância de 5% (p < 0,05). Resultados: A intervenção com SCF melhorou o grau de inflamação tecidual relacionando-se a concentração utilizada e ao tempo de intervenção. A intervenção com SCF reduziu os níveis teciduais de MPO, independente da concentração ou do tempo de intervenção (p < 0,01). Houve redução dos níveis de MDA nos animais irrigados com SCF, independente da concentração ou tempo de intervenção (p < 0,01). Conclusão: Enemas com SCF reduzem o processo inflamatório, infiltrado neutrofílico e estresse oxidativo no cólon excluso sugerindo que a substância possa se tornar uma opção terapêutica válida para o tratamento da colite de exclusão.

Objective: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of sucralfate enemas in diversion colitis model. Method: Thirty-six Wistar rats underwent intestinal bypass by end colostomy in the descending colon and distal mucous fistula. The animals were divided into 3 experimental groups according to the daily dose of enemas received containing 0.9% SF, sucralfate enemas or sucralfate enemas 1 g/kg/day or 2 g/kg/day. Each group was divided into two subgroups according to euthanasia to be performed 2-4 weeks after derivation. The tissue grade of inflammation was assessed histologically, and neutrophil infiltration by the tissue expression of myeloperoxidase (MPO) identified by immunohistochemistry and quantified by computerized morphometry. Oxidative stress was measured by tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA). To compare the results the Student's t test variance was used, and also the variance by ANOVA test, establishing a level of significance of 5% (p < 0.05) for both. Results: The intervention with sucralfate enemas showed improvement in the intensity of tissue inflammation related to the concentration used and the duration of the intervention. Intervention with sucralfate enemas reduced the tissue levels of MPO, independent of concentration or time of intervention (p < 0.01). There was a reduction of MDA levels in animals irrigated with sucralfate enemas, independent of concentration or duration of the intervention (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Enemas with sucralfate enemas reduce inflammation, neutrophil infiltration and oxidative stress in the excluded colon suggesting topical application of the substance to be a valid therapeutic option for the treatment of diversion colitis.

Fibronectina sérica humana foi adicionada à superfície de arcabouços de polihidroxibutirato (PHB) a fim de otimizar a adesão de osteoblastos humanos (HOB). Visando a criar sítios para a imobilização de fibronectina (FN), os arcabouços foram previamente tratados por meio de reação com etilenodiamina. O tratamento modificou a morfologia e a composição química dos arcabouços, possibilitando um aumento no teor de FN adsorvido à superfície. Imagens de AFM mostraram que as moléculas de FN assumiram conformações distintas, de acordo com a superfície na qual foi imobilizada. A FN adicionada aos arcabouços não modificados possivelmente assumiu uma conformação estendida, expondo os grupamentos RGD. Com isso, houve um aumento na adesão de HOB a estes materiais. Por outro lado, a FN na superfície dos arcabouços previamente tratados possivelmente apresentou-se na forma compacta, suprimindo a adesão de HOB.

Human plasma fibronectin (FN) was adsorbed onto the surface of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) scaffolds with aim of improving adhesion of human osteoblasts (HOB). PHB scaffolds were modified via reaction with ethylenediamine in order to create sites for FN immobilization. Morphological and chemical composition changes were observed for treated scaffolds which led to an increase in the concentration of FN adsorbed onto scaffold surfaces. AFM images showed that FN molecules assumed distinct conformation according to the surface to which they were adsorbed. It is believed that the FN molecules added to non-treated scaffolds assumed an unfolded conformational owing to the exposure of their RGD domains, thus promoting an increased HOB adhesion. On the other hand, FN molecules which were added to the surface of previously treated scaffolds are believed to have assumed a folded conformation, hiding some RGD domains and inhibiting HOB adhesion.